02051nas a2200181   4500000000100000008004100001260001200042100001900054700001900073700002300092700001800115700002200133700001800155245012000173856017600293520138600469022001401855       2018                            d  c2018-061 aPatrick Gontar1 aHendrik Homans1 aMichelle Rostalski1 aJulia Behrend1 aFrédéric Dehais1 aKlaus Bengler00aAre pilots prepared for a cyber-attack? A human factors approach to the experimental evaluation of pilots' behavior  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699717300510?casa_token=E0jFvZiNjrUAAAAA:UtAir0QaL3ns9XMvbgOlPQw4Yb4CWmXz4uc5vkhsndzgpQ6JpPw_Um7WJVo8NaTCjnbilA2YMNc3 aThe increasing prevalence of technology in modern airliners brings not just advantages, but also the potential for cyber threats. Fortunately, there have been no significant attacks on civil aircraft to date, which allows the handling of these emerging threats to be approached proactively. Although an ample body of research into technical defense strategies exists, current research neglects to take the human operator into account. In this study, we present an exploratory experiment focusing on pilots confronted with a cyber-attack. Results show that the occurrence of an attack affects all dependent variables: pilots' workload, trust, eye-movements, and behavior. Pilots experiencing an attack report heavier workload and weakened trust in the system than pilots whose aircraft is not under attack. Further, pilots who experienced an attack monitored basic flying instruments less and their performance deteriorated. A warning about a potential attack seems to moderate several of those effects. Our analysis prompts us to recommend incorporating cyber-awareness into pilots' recurrent training; we also argue that one has to consider all affected personnel when designing such training. Future research should target the development of appropriate procedures and training techniques to prepare pilots to correctly identify and respond to cyber-attacks. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd  a0969-6997